iPad Pro 9.7 Display Technology Shoot-Out
iPad Air 2 and
iPad Pro 9.7
Dr. Raymond M. Soneira
President, DisplayMate Technologies
Corporation
Copyright © 1990-2016 by DisplayMate
Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
This article, or any part
thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated
into any other work without
the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation
Introduction
The key element for a great Tablet has always been a truly innovative
and top performing display, and the best leading edge Tablets have always
flaunted their beautiful high tech displays.
At first glance the iPad Pro 9.7 looks almost indistinguishable from the
2014 iPad Air 2. Actually, the displays are the same size and have the same
pixel resolution. But that’s as far as it goes... The iPad Pro 9.7 display is a
Truly Impressive major enhancement on the iPad Air 2... and even on the recent
iPad Pro 12.9 and iPad mini 4... and even every other mobile LCD display that
we have ever tested... and note that I hand out compliments on displays very
carefully. Here’s why...
What’s New
These are several of the most important and interesting display
enhancements on the iPad Pro 9.7 that we will cover in detail in this article:
The iPad Pro 9.7 has two standard Color Gamuts, the new
DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut that is used in 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema, and also
the traditional smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used for producing
virtually all current consumer content for
digital cameras, TVs, the internet, and computers, including photos, videos,
and movies. What’s more, on the iPad Pro 9.7 both Gamuts have been implemented
with color accuracy that is visually indistinguishable from perfect. That’s
impressive...
And not only is the iPad Pro 9.7 more than 20 percent
brighter than the other current iPads, but it is the brightest full size
production Tablet that we have seen. And even more important and impressive is
that it has by far the lowest screen Reflectance of any mobile display, so its
image colors and contrast in high ambient light will appear considerably better
than on any other mobile display.
True Tone and Night Shift
Along with the iPad Pro
9.7 Apple has also introduced two new display functions that are designed for
improving visual and user comfort: True Tone and
Night Shift. While we have performed Lab
measurements for them, they both depend on personal preferences for individual
comfort, so everyone needs to evaluate each one themselves.
True Tone automatically changes the White Point and color balance
of the display based on real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on
the screen. The idea is to make the display behave more like paper reflecting
ambient light and taking on its color. Night Shift is
designed to change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the
amount of Blue light coming from the display, which some recent research
indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards. We’ll examine both in
detail.
The Display Shoot-Out
We’ll cover all of these issues and much more, with in-depth
comprehensive display tests, measurements and analysis that you will find
nowhere else.
To examine the
performance of the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7 displays we ran our in-depth series of Mobile Display Technology
Shoot-Out Lab tests and measurements in order to determine how these latest
LCD Tablet displays have improved. We take display quality very seriously and
provide in-depth objective analysis based on detailed laboratory tests and measurements
and extensive viewing tests with both test patterns, test images and test
photos. To see how far mobile displays have progressed in just six years see
our 2010
Smartphone Display Shoot-Out, and for a real history lesson see our
original 2006
Smartphone Display Shoot-Out.
Results Highlights
In this Results section we provide Highlights of the
comprehensive DisplayMate Lab tests and measurements and extensive visual
comparisons using test photos, test images, and test patterns that are covered
in the advanced sections. The main Display
Shoot-Out Comparison Table summarizes the iPad Air
2 and iPad Pro 9.7 Lab measurements in
the following categories: Screen
Reflections, Brightness
and Contrast, Colors
and Intensities, Viewing
Angles, LCD Spectra,
Display
Power. You can also skip these Highlights and go directly to the iPad Conclusions.
Overview
In this Highlights section we will just focus on the new
performance capabilities and features of the iPad Pro 9.7. For comparisons and
much more additional background information on the display performance of the
other current model iPads see our Apple iPad Pro 12.9
and iPad mini 4 Display Technology Shoot-Out.
Two Color Gamuts including a
new Wide DCI-P3 used by 4K UHD TVs
The iPad Pro 9.7 fully supports two important standard
Color Gamuts, the new DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut that is used in 4K UHD TVs and Digital
Cinema, and also the traditional smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut that is
used for producing virtually all current consumer
content for digital cameras, TVs, the internet, and computers, including
photos, videos, and movies. All of the other recent model iPads and iPhones and
almost all other Tablets and Smartphones just support sRGB / Rec.709.
Since the iPad Pro 9.7 supports two Color Gamuts it needs
to also implement color management in order to get the second smaller sRGB /
Rec.709 Gamut to also appear correctly, which is generated from the wider
native DCI-P3. Each display is individually calibrated at the factory. The iPad
Pro 9.7 has a very accurate 103 percent of the sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut and
102 percent of the wide DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut. See this Figure for the measured
Color Gamuts.
In addition, the iPad Pro 9.7 detects content marked with
the wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut and automatically switches between the Gamuts so
that content with the smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut is accurately reproduced and
not displayed with over saturated colors.
Display Brightness and
Contrast Ratio
The measured Peak Brightness for the iPad Pro 9.7 is 511
cd/m2 (nits), which is not only more than 20 percent brighter than
the iPad Air 2 and the other current iPads, but it is the brightest full size
production Tablet that we have tested. High screen Brightness is only needed
when in High Ambient Light, so most of the time the Brightness should be set lower
than the maximum.
The Display’s Maximum Contrast is the Ratio between its
Peak White Brightness (Luminance) and its darkest Black Luminance, one of the
more important measures of LCD performance quality. The iPad Pro 9.7 has a
Contrast Ratio of 1,022, which is Very Good for a mobile display, and almost
identical to the iPad Air 2, but lower than the record 1,631 for the iPad Pro
12.9. However, Contrast Ratio is only meaningful in low ambient light, which is
seldom the case for mobile displays. See the Brightness
and Contrast section for measurements and details.
When the display is viewed under ambient light, the light
reflected by the screen results in a lower Effective
Contrast Ratio that depends on the Screen Reflectance. Our Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light provides a
quantitative measure for display performance in ambient light, which we examine
next...
Record Low Screen Reflectance
and Performance in Ambient Lighting
The screens on all displays are mirrors that reflect
light from everything that is illuminated anywhere in front of the screen
(especially anything behind the viewers), including lamps, ceiling lights,
windows, direct and indirect indoor and outdoor sunlight, which washes out the
on-screen colors, degrades image contrast, and interferes with seeing the
on-screen images. The lower the Screen Reflectance the better. In fact,
decreasing the Screen Reflectance by 50 percent doubles the effective Contrast
Ratio in Ambient Light, so it is very important.
To visually compare the differences in screen Reflectance for yourself,
hold any Tablets or Smartphones side-by-side and turn off the displays so you
just see the reflections. Those reflections are still there when you turn them
on, and the brighter the ambient light the brighter the reflections.
The iPad Pro 9.7 has a very innovative low Reflectance
screen that reflects just 1.7 percent of the ambient light by using a new
Anti-Reflection AR coating. It has by far the lowest screen Reflectance of any
mobile display, so its image colors and contrast in high ambient light will
appear considerably better than on any other mobile display. It’s a major
enhancement that reduces the reflected light glare from the screen by a very
impressive factor of 3 to 1 compared to most Tablets and Smartphones.
Our Contrast Rating for High
Ambient Light quantitatively measures screen visibility under bright
Ambient Light – the higher the better. As a result of its high Brightness and
very low Reflectance, the iPad Pro 9.7 has a Contrast
Rating for High Ambient Light of 301, by far the highest that we have
ever measured. See the Screen
Reflections and Brightness
and Contrast sections for measurements and details.
Record Absolute Color Accuracy
Delivering great color with high Absolute Color Accuracy
is incredibly difficult because everything on the display has to be done just
right. In order to deliver accurate image colors, a display needs to closely
match the standard Color Gamut that was used for producing the content being
viewed – not more and not less. In addition the display also needs an accurate
(pure logarithmic power-law) Intensity Scale, and an accurate White Point.
Since the iPad Pro 9.7 supports two Color Gamuts it needs
to also implement color management in order to get the second smaller sRGB /
Rec.709 Gamut to also appear correctly, which is generated from the wider
native DCI-P3. Each display is individually calibrated at the factory.
The Absolute Color Accuracy of the iPad Pro 9.7 is Truly Impressive as shown in these Figures. It has an
Absolute Color Accuracy of 1.3 JNCD for the sRGB / Red.709 Color Gamut used for
most current consumer content and 1.4 JNCD for the Wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut
used for 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema. It is the most color accurate display
that we have ever measured. It is visually indistinguishable from perfect, and
is very likely considerably better than any mobile display, monitor, TV or UHD
TV that you have.
See this Figure for an explanation
and visual definition of Just Noticeable Color Difference JNCD and the Color Accuracy Plots
showing the measured display Color Errors. See the Color
Accuracy section and the Color
Accuracy Plots for measurements and details.
True Tone Viewing Mode
True Tone automatically changes the White Point and color balance
of the display based on real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on
the screen. The idea is to make the display behave more like paper reflecting
ambient light and taking on its color. It is implemented with two Ambient Light
sensors at the top left and right corners of the screen that measure the Color
of the ambient light in addition to its Brightness. Two sensors on both sides
are best because a single sensor in the middle would be pointed at and
primarily measuring the user’s face.
When we turned on True
Tone under incandescent lighting with a Color Temperature of about 3,000K, the
Color Temperature of the iPad Pro 9.7 White Point shifted from 6,945K down to
5,500K, which is quite noticeable and visually significant, but it doesn’t come
close to matching the color of reflected light from white paper. The color
change with ambient light may be better primarily for reading text on the
screen’s white background.
And most users might not
want such a drastic color change with ambient light anyway, which would affect
and significantly reduce the Absolute Color Accuracy of all image content
(including photos and videos), one of the iPad Pro’s strongest features. My
recommendation is that True Tone needs a Slider adjustment so that each person
can vary the magnitude of the effect, from very little to a lot.
Night Shift Viewing Mode
Night Shift is designed to change the color balance of the display
in order to reduce the amount of Blue light coming from the display, which some
recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards. In a
separate article
we have analyzed the performance of Night Shift, and
then provide our own detailed recommendations for both consumers and
manufacturers.
The measurements in
that article are based on the iPads with the narrower sRGB / Rec.709 Color
Gamut like on the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 12.9, however, the Blue part of the
spectrum below 490nm for the iPad Pro 9.7 is almost identical to them as shown
in this Figure, so the
article results also cover the iPad Pro 9.7.
Viewing Angle Performance
While Tablets are
primarily single viewer devices, the variation in display performance with
Viewing Angle is still very important because single viewers frequently hold
the display at a variety of viewing angles, plus they are large enough for
sharing the screen with others. The angle is often up to 30 degrees, more if it
is resting on a table or desk.
All iPads have IPS LCD
displays, so we expected the iPad Pro 9.7 to show very small color shifts with
Viewing Angle, and our lab measurements confirmed their excellent Viewing Angle
performance, with no visually noticeable color shifts.
However, all LCDs do have
a strong decrease in Brightness (Luminance) with Viewing Angle, and the iPad
Pro 9.7 showed (as expected) a 47 to 55 percent decrease in Brightness at a
modest 30 degree viewing angle, slightly better than the iPad Air 2 and all
other iPads. See the Viewing
Angles section for measurements and details.
Viewing Tests
All current model iPads provide very nice, pleasing and
accurate colors and picture quality. The very challenging set of DisplayMate
Test and Calibration Photos that we use to evaluate picture quality looked Beautiful on the iPad Pro 9.7, even to my experienced
hyper-critical eyes.
But the iPad Pro 9.7 excels for two special reasons: its
very high Absolute Color Accuracy (1.35 JNCD) and its very low Screen
Reflectance (1.7 percent). See Color Accuracy Figures and
the Colors
and Intensities section for quantitative details.
Display Power Efficiency
There are many factors that
affect a display’s power efficiency, including its native Color Gamut, the type
of the White LEDs that are used, the optics and optical films in the Backlight,
the circuit technology in the LCD Backplane, the Pixels Per Inch, and the
screen refresh rate.
After measuring the
power used by iPad Pro 9.7 and iPad Air 2 displays, we scaled the results to
the same screen brightness (Luminance) in order to compare their Relative Power
Efficiencies.
The iPad Pro 9.7 has a
wider native DCI-P3 Color Gamut, which is typically less power efficient than
the narrower sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut of the iPad Air 2. However, the iPad
Pro 9.7 has a higher conductivity Metal Oxide Backplane, which increases the
light throughput and further improves its Power Efficiency. The iPad Pro 9.7
display also uses a lower refresh rate when the images remain static (like
during our power measurements). These effects all counter-balance one another,
so the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7 in the end have the same overall Power
Efficiency.
See the Display
Power section LCD Display Spectrum Figure
and for measurements and details.
Conclusions for the iPad Pro 9.7: An
Excellent Top Tier Display…
The primary goal of this Display Technology Shoot-Out
article series has always been to publicize and promote display excellence
so that consumers, journalists and even manufacturers are aware of and
appreciate the very best in displays and display technology. We point out which
manufactures and display technologies are leading and advancing the
state-of-the-art for displays by performing comprehensive and objective
scientific Lab tests and measurements together with in-depth analysis. We point
out who is leading, who is behind, who is improving, and sometimes (unfortunately)
who is back pedaling… all based solely on the extensive objective careful Lab
measurements that we also publish, so that everyone can judge the data for
themselves as well…
The Conclusions below summarize all of the major results.
See the main Display
Shoot-Out Comparison Table for all the DisplayMate Lab measurements and
test details, and see the Results Highlights section
above for a more detailed introduction and overview with expanded discussions
and explanations.
An Outstanding LCD Display
The display on the iPad Pro 9.7 is a Truly Impressive Top Performing Display and a major
upgrade to the display on the iPad Air 2. It is by far the best performing
mobile LCD display that we have ever tested, and it breaks many display
performance records.
Two Standard Color Gamuts:
The iPad Pro 9.7 fully and very accurately supports two
important standard Color Gamuts, the new DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut that is used
in 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema, and also the traditional smaller sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used for producing virtually all current consumer content for digital cameras, TVs,
the internet, and computers, including photos, videos, and movies.
The Absolute Color Accuracy of the iPad Pro 9.7 is Truly Impressive as shown in these Figures. It is the most
color accurate display that we have ever measured. It is visually indistinguishable
from perfect, and is very likely considerably better than on any mobile
display, monitor, TV or UHD TV that you have.
Most mobile and TV displays only support a single Color
Gamut, including all previous iPads and iPhones. Furthermore, the iPad Pro 9.7
detects content marked with the wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut and automatically
switches between the Gamuts so that content with the smaller sRGB / Rec.709
Gamut is accurately reproduced and not displayed with over saturated colors. My
recommendation is there should be an option switch so that a user can manually
force the Color Gamut into the wider DCI-P3 or smaller sRGB / Rec.709.
Very Low Screen Reflectance:
The iPad Pro 9.7 has a very innovative low Reflectance
screen that reflects just 1.7 percent of the ambient light by using a new
Anti-Reflection AR coating. It has by far the lowest screen Reflectance of any
mobile display, so its image colors and contrast in high ambient light will
appear considerably better than on any other mobile display.
While the importance of low Reflectance has been
overlooked by most consumers, reviewers, and (even) manufacturers, it is a
major enhancement that reduces the reflected light glare from the screen by a
very impressive factor of 3 to 1 compared to most Tablets and Smartphones.
Reflected ambient light washes out the on-screen images, reducing both their
contrast and color saturation, so on the iPad Pro 9.7 you’ll see better color
and contrast in ambient light than on any other mobile display.
Lower screen Reflectance also allows you to reduce the
display Brightness settings in ambient light, which saves power and increases
running time on battery. Lowering screen Reflectance is a major display
performance improvement for real world viewing conditions!
The iPad Pro 9.7 breaks many new
records in display performance for:
Highest Absolute Color Accuracy for any display for Both
Color Gamuts (1.35 JNCD), Lowest Screen Reflectance for any mobile display (1.7
percent), Highest Peak Brightness in a full size Tablet for any Picture Level
(511 nits), Highest Contrast Rating in High Ambient light (301), and Smallest
Color variation with Viewing Angle (all under 2.0 JNCD).
As we show in the Lab Measurements
Table section below, the iPad Pro 9.7 delivers uniformly consistent all
around Top Tier display performance: one of a small number of displays to ever
to get all Green (Very Good to Excellent) Ratings in all test and measurement
categories (except for Brightness variation with Viewing Angle, which is the
case for all LCDs) since we started the Display Technology Shoot-Out article
Series in 2006, an impressive achievement for a display.
In the Next Generation of Displays
section below we’ll explain how the display performance in ambient light can be
further significantly improved.
True Tone and Night Shift
Apple has also
introduced two new display functions that are designed for improving visual and
user comfort: True Tone and Night Shift. While we have performed Lab measurements
for them, they both depend on personal preferences for individual comfort, so
everyone needs to evaluate each one themselves.
True Tone automatically changes the White Point and color balance
of the display based on real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on
the screen. The idea is to make the display behave more like paper reflecting
ambient light and taking on its color and brightness. My recommendation is that
True Tone needs a Slider adjustment so that each person can vary the magnitude
of the effect.
Night Shift is designed to change the color balance of the display
in order to reduce the amount of Blue light coming from the display, which some
recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards. In a
separate article
we have analyzed the performance of Night Shift, and
then provide our own detailed recommendations for both consumers and
manufacturers.
Possible Hints on the Display for the iPhone 7
Since Apple likes to
expand new technology across its product lines, an educated guess for the
upcoming iPhone 7 is that its display could be a small version of the iPad Pro
9.7. Improvements could include adding the new DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut and also
adding an Anti-Reflection coating that could lower the screen Reflectance from
the current iPhone 4.6 percent down to 1.7 percent (a factor of almost 3
improvement). Both of these would also improve the iPhone screen performance
and readability in high ambient light. True Tone could be added if Apple
upgrades the Ambient Light sensors so they measure Color in addition to
Brightness.
Comparison with the iPad Pro 12.9 Display
The display on the new iPad Pro 9.7 outperforms the iPad Pro 12.9 in
every single display performance category except (obviously) size, and then
just its Black Luminance, which results in a higher Contrast Ratio in the dark.
The iPad Pro 12.9 is still a very good display, it’s just that the iPad Pro 9.7
is so much better than anything else. Next we show how to compare them...
Comparing Tablet Displays
You can
directly compare all of the display performance measurements and results for
many other Tablets by referring to our Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out article series by using a
Tabbed web browser on the Comparison Table for each article. The entries for
all of the articles are mostly identical with only minor formatting
differences, so it is easy to make detailed side-by-side comparisons by simply
clicking through the Tabs for each Tablet.
Below are
links for the Comparison Tables for the Tablets mentioned in the article:
Apple iPad Pro
9.7 Lab Measurements Comparison Table
Apple iPad Pro
12.9 and iPad mini 4 Lab Measurements Comparison Table
Microsoft
Surface Pro 4 Lab Measurements Comparison Table
Samsung OLED
Tablet Lab Measurements Comparison Table
The Next Generation of Displays – Better Performance in Ambient Light
Right now the iPads are the unrivaled record holders for
display performance in ambient light as a result of their record low screen
Reflectance of 1.7 to 2.6 percent, significantly lower than the 4.5 to 6.5
percent Reflectance currently found in all other current competing Tablets and
Smartphones.
Apple has taken an important first step towards improving
display performance in ambient light. But essentially all displays are still
designed to work best in absolute darkness, but they all significantly degrade
in even modest levels of ambient light. However, Microsoft has also taken an
important initial step, with the Surface 3
providing its best Color Accuracy in typical indoor 300 lux ambient light
rather than in absolute darkness like everybody else…
The best performing LCD and OLED displays are now
delivering impressive sharpness, brightness, low reflectance, high color
accuracy, accurate image contrast, and great viewing angles. So what comes
next? Essentially all published display specifications and factory calibrations
are based on performance in absolute darkness 0 lux, but mobile displays (and
even TVs) are seldom viewed in the dark. Even low levels of ambient light
significantly affect the image and picture quality. For example, the 100
percent Color Gamut specified by many manufacturers only applies at 0 lux. At
500 lux, which corresponds to typical indoor office lighting, the on-screen
colors are washed out by the reflected ambient light, typically reducing the
on-screen Color Gamut from 100 percent down to 80 percent, plus the image
contrast is also significantly affected. And it gets worse as the ambient light
levels increase.
So here is what needs to come next…
The most important improvements for both LCD and OLED
displays will come from improving their image and picture quality and screen
readability in real world ambient light, which washes out the screen images,
resulting in reduced image contrast, color saturation, and color accuracy. The
key will be in lowering screen Reflectance and then implementing Dynamic Color
Management with automatic real-time modification of a larger Color Gamut and
Intensity Scale based the measured Ambient Light level in order to have them
compensate for the reflected light glare and image wash out from ambient light
as discussed in our 2014
Innovative Displays and Display Technology and SID
Display Technology Shoot-Out articles.
The higher the ambient light level, the larger the Color
Gamut that the display needs in order to compensate for the loss of color
saturation from the reflected ambient light. All LCDs will need tunable Quantum
Dots, special phosphors, fluorescent films or discrete Blue, Green and Red
LEDs in order to implement the necessary large Color Gamuts.
The displays, technologies, and
manufacturers that succeed in implementing this new real world high ambient
light performance strategy will take the lead in the next generations of mobile
displays… Follow DisplayMate
on Twitter to learn about these developments and our upcoming display
technology coverage.
DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology
All Tablet
and Smartphone displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s
proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling
and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver
parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype
development, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production
quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are
exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This
article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the
benefits of our DisplayMate
Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these
issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly
improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.
Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table
Below we
examine in-depth the LCD displays on the Apple iPad
Air 2 and Apple
iPad Pro 9.7 based on objective Lab measurement data and criteria. For
comparisons and additional background information on the other current iPads
see our Apple
iPad Pro 12.9 and iPad mini 4 Display Technology Shoot-Out.
For
comparisons with other Tablet displays see our Microsoft Surface
Pro 4 Display Technology Shoot-Out and the Samsung OLED Tab S
Display Technology Shoot-Out. For comparisons with the other leading
Tablet, Smartphone, and Smart Watch displays see our Mobile Display Technology
Shoot-Out series.
|
Categories
|
iPad Air
2
|
iPad Pro
9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Display Technology
|
9.7 inch Diagonal
IPS LCD
Photo Aligned LCD
|
9.7 inch
Diagonal
IPS LCD
Photo Aligned LCD
Metal Oxide TFT
|
The diagonal screen size.
Liquid Crystal Display
In Plane Switching
|
|
Screen Shape
|
4:3 =
1.33
Aspect
Ratio
|
4:3 =
1.33
Aspect Ratio
|
The iPads have the same shape as 8.5x11
paper.
|
|
Screen Size
|
7.8 x 5.8
inches
|
7.8 x 5.8
inches
|
Display Width and Height in inches.
|
|
Screen Area
|
45.1
Square Inches
|
45.1
Square Inches
|
A better measure of size than the
diagonal length.
|
|
Relative Screen Area
|
100 percent
|
100 percent
|
Relative screen areas compared to the
iPad Air 2.
|
|
Color Gamut
|
One Color
Gamut
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
|
Two Color
Gamuts
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
DCI-P3
Wide Color Gamut
|
sRGB
/ Rec.709 is the color standard for most
content
and needed for accurate color reproduction.
DCI-P3 is a 26% larger Color Gamut that is
used in 4K UHD TVs and in Digital Cinema.
|
|
Display Resolution
|
2048 x
1536 pixels
Full High
Definition+
Very Good
|
2048 x
1536 pixels
Full High
Definition+
Very Good
|
Screen Pixel Resolution.
|
|
Total Number of Pixels
|
3.1 Mega
Pixels
Very Good
|
3.1 Mega
Pixels
Very Good
|
Total Number of Pixels.
|
|
Pixels Per Inch
|
264 PPI
Very Good
|
264 PPI
Very Good
|
Sharpness depends on the viewing distance
and PPI.
See this on
the visual acuity for a true Retina Display
|
|
20/20 Vision Distance
where Pixels or Sub-Pixels
are Not Resolved
|
13.0
inches or more
with 20/20
Vision
|
13.0 inches
or more
with 20/20
Vision
|
For 20/20 Vision the minimum Viewing
Distance
where the screen appears perfectly sharp
to the eye.
|
|
Display Sharpness
at Typical Viewing Distances
|
Display
normally appears
Perfectly
Sharp
Typical 14
inches or more
Pixels are
not Resolved with 20/20 Vision
|
Display
normally appears
Perfectly
Sharp
Typical 14
inches or more
Pixels are
not Resolved with 20/20 Vision
|
The Typical Viewing Distances are:
14 inches or more for the 9.7 inch iPads
|
|
Appears Perfectly Sharp
at Typical Viewing Distances
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Typical Viewing Distances are listed
above.
|
|
Photo Viewer Color Depth
|
Full
24-bit Color
No
Dithering Visible
256
Intensity Levels
|
Full
24-bit Color
No
Dithering Visible
256
Intensity Levels
|
Many Android Tablets still have some
form of 16-bit color
depth in the Gallery Viewer.
The iPads do not have this issue.
|
|
Overall Assessments
This section summarizes
the results for all of the extensive Lab Measurements and Viewing Tests
performed on the display
See Screen
Reflections, Brightness
and Contrast, Colors
and Intensities, Viewing
Angles, LCD
Spectra, Display
Power.
|
Categories
|
iPad
Air 2
|
iPad Pro
9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Viewing Tests
in Subdued Ambient Lighting
|
Very Good
Images
Photos and
Videos
have Very
Good Color
and
Accurate Contrast
|
Excellent
Images
Photos and
Videos
have
Excellent Color
and
Accurate Contrast
|
The Viewing Tests examine the accuracy
of
photographic images by comparing the
displays
to an calibrated studio monitor and
HDTV.
|
|
Variation with Viewing Angle
Colors and Brightness
See Viewing
Angles
|
Small
Color Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
Very Good
Large
Brightness Shift
with
Viewing Angle
Typical for
all LCDs
|
Small Color
Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
Excellent
Large
Brightness Shift
with
Viewing Angle
Typical for
all LCDs
|
The iPad displays all have a relatively
large
decrease in Brightness with Viewing
Angle and
relatively small Color Shifts with
Viewing Angle.
See the Viewing
Angles
section for details.
|
|
Overall Display Assessment
Lab Tests and Measurements
|
Very Good
LCD Display
|
Excellent
LCD Display
|
The iPad displays all performed
very well in the Lab Tests and
Measurements.
|
|
|
|
Color Gamut
|
107
percent
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
|
103 percent
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
102 percent
DCI-P3
Color Gamut
|
sRGB
/ Rec.709 is the color standard for most
content
and needed for accurate color reproduction.
DCI-P3 is a 26% larger Color Gamut that is
used in 4K UHD TVs and in Digital Cinema
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Measured over Entire Gamut
See Figure 2 and Colors
|
Good Color
Accuracy
Medium
Color Errors
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
Average
3.9 JNCD
Maximum
8.8 JNCD
|
Excellent
Color Accuracy
Small
Color Errors
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
Average
1.3 JNCD
Maximum
2.8 JNCD
DCI-P3
Color Gamut
Average
1.4 JNCD
Maximum
3.3 JNCD
|
Absolute
Color Accuracy is measured with a
Spectroradiometer
for 21 Reference Colors
uniformly
distributed within the entire Color Gamut.
See
Figure 2 and Colors
and Intensities for details.
|
|
Image Contrast Accuracy
Logarithmic Intensity Scale
See Figure 3 and Contrast
|
Excellent
Image
Contrast Accuracy
Close to
Standard
Average
Gamma 2.25
|
Excellent
Image
Contrast Accuracy
Close to
Standard
Average
Gamma 2.16
|
The
Image Contrast Accuracy is determined by
measuring
the Log Intensity Scale and Gamma.
See
Figure 3 and Brightness
and Contrast for details.
|
|
True Contrast Ratio at 0 lux
Relevant for Low Ambient Light
|
1,064
Very Good
for Mobile
|
1,022
Very Good
for Mobile
|
Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,
which is seldom the case for mobile
devices.
|
|
Performance in Ambient Light
Display Brightness
Screen Reflectance
Contrast Rating
for High Ambient Light
See Brightness
and Contrast
See Screen
Reflections
|
High
Display Brightness
415 nits
Very Low
Reflectance
2.5
percent
Very High
Contrast Rating
for High
Ambient Light
166 Excellent
|
High
Display Brightness
511 nits
Very Low
Reflectance
1.7
percent
Very High
Contrast Rating
for High
Ambient Light
301 Excellent
|
Tablets
are seldom used in the dark.
Screen
Brightness and Reflectance determine
the
Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light.
See
the Brightness
and Contrast section for details.
See
the Screen
Reflections section for details.
|
|
Overall Display Calibration
Image and Picture Quality
Lab Tests and Viewing Tests
|
Very Good
Calibration
But White Point is
Somewhat Too
Blue
7,355 K
|
Excellent
Calibration
But White Point is
Slightly Too
Bluish
6,945 K
|
All iPads and iPhones have a slightly
Bluish White.
White Point Accuracy is more critical
because
it affects the Accuracy of all Low
Saturation Colors.
|
|
|
Overall Display Grade
Overall Assessment
|
Very Good
Display A–
Medium
Size Tablet
Innovative
Anti-Reflection
|
Excellent
Display A
Medium
Size Tablet
Innovative
Anti-Reflection
Two Color
Gamuts
Excellent
Color Accuracy
|
The current model iPads all have
uniformly Very Good to Excellent Top Tier Display Performance.
All current model iPads have an
innovative
Anti-Reflection screen coating.
|
|
|
iPad
Air 2
|
iPad Pro
9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Screen Reflections
All display screens are mirrors good enough to use
for personal grooming – but that is actually a very bad feature…
We measured the light reflected from all directions
and also direct mirror (specular) reflections, which are much more
distracting and cause more eye strain. Many Tablets
still have greater than 5 percent reflections that make the
screen much harder to read even in moderate ambient
light levels, requiring ever higher brightness settings that waste
precious battery power. Hopefully, manufacturers
will reduce the Reflections with anti-reflection coatings and also
the Mirror Reflections matte or haze surface finishes.
Our Lab Measurements include Average Reflectance
for Ambient Light from All Directions and for Mirror Reflections.
All current model iPads have a bonded
Cover Glass without an Air Gap.
All current model iPads have a very
innovative Anti-Reflection screen coating that produces the
Lowest Reflectance that we have ever
measured for a Tablet or Smartphone.
|
Categories
|
iPad
Air 2
|
iPad
Pro 9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Average Screen Reflection
Light From All Directions
|
2.5
percent
Ambient
Light Reflections
Very Low
Outstanding
|
1.7
percent
Ambient
Light Reflections
Very Low
Outstanding
– Record Low Reflectance
|
Measured using an Integrating Hemisphere
and
a Spectroradiometer. The best value we
have
ever measured for a Tablet is 1.7
percent.
|
|
Relative Brightness of the
Reflected Ambient Light
|
47 percent more Reflected
Light Glare
than the
iPad Pro 9.7
|
Lowest
Reflected Light Glare
of any
Tablet or Smartphone
|
Relative Brightness of the Reflected
Ambient Light
Expressed as a percentage of the lowest
amount.
|
|
Mirror Reflections
Percentage of Light Reflected
|
2.9 percent
for Mirror Reflections
Very Low
Outstanding
|
2.8 percent
for Mirror Reflections
Very Low
Outstanding
|
These are the most annoying types of
Reflections.
Measured using a Spectroradiometer and a
narrow
collimated pencil beam of light
reflected off the screen.
|
|
Cover Glass with Display
|
Bonded Cover Glass
Laminated Display
Anti-Reflection
Coating
|
Bonded Cover Glass
Laminated Display
Anti-Reflection
Coating
|
The Cover Glass and other optical layers
above the
Display have a significant impact on the
Reflectance.
|
|
Brightness and Contrast
The Contrast Ratio
is the specification that gets the most attention, but it only applies for
low ambient light, which is seldom
the case for mobile displays. Much more important
is the Contrast Rating, which indicates how
easy it is to read the screen
under high ambient lighting and depends on both
the Maximum Brightness and the Screen Reflectance. The larger the better.
The iPad Pro 9.7 has the Highest
Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light that we have ever measured as the
result of its Low Reflectance.
The display’s actual Contrast Ratio
changes with the Ambient Light lux level and is proportional to the Contrast
Rating.
|
Categories
|
iPad
Air 2
|
iPad Pro
9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Measured Full Brightness
100% Full Screen White
|
Brightness
415 cd/m2
Very Good
|
Brightness
511 cd/m2
for
sRGB/Rec.709 and for DCI-P3
Excellent
|
This is the Brightness for a screen that
is entirely
all white with 100% Average Picture
Level.
|
|
Measured Peak Brightness
1% Full Screen White
|
Brightness
415 cd/m2
Very Good
|
Brightness
511 cd/m2
Excellent
|
This is the Peak Brightness for a screen
that
has only a tiny 1% Average Picture
Level.
|
|
Measured Auto Brightness
in High Ambient Light
with Automatic Brightness On
|
Max Auto
Brightness
415 cd/m2
Very Good
|
Max Auto
Brightness
511 cd/m2
Excellent
|
Some displays have a higher Maximum
Brightness
in Automatic Brightness Mode.
|
|
Low Ambient Light
|
|
Lowest Peak Brightness
Brightness Slider to Minimum
|
5 cd/m2
Very Good
for Low Light
|
3 cd/m2
Very Good
for Low Light
|
The Lowest Brightness with the Slider
set to Minimum. This is useful for working in very dark environments.
|
|
True Black Brightness at 0 lux
at Maximum Brightness Setting
|
0.39 cd/m2
Very Good
for Mobile
|
0.50 cd/m2
Very Good
for Mobile
|
Black brightness is important for low
ambient light,
which is seldom the case for mobile
devices.
|
|
True Contrast Ratio at 0 lux
Relevant for Low Ambient Light
|
1,064
Very Good
for Mobile
|
1,022
Very Good
for Mobile
|
Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,
which is seldom the case for mobile
devices.
|
|
High Ambient Light
|
|
Contrast Rating
for High Ambient Light
The Higher the Better
for Screen Readability
in High Ambient Light
|
166
Excellent
166
With Auto
Brightness
Excellent
|
301
Excellent
301
With Auto
Brightness
Excellent
|
Depends on the Screen Reflectance and
Brightness.
Defined: Maximum Brightness / Average Reflectance.
The display’s actual Contrast Ratio
changes with
the Ambient Light lux level and is
proportional to
the Contrast Rating.
|
|
Screen Readability
in High Ambient Light
|
Excellent A
Excellent A
With Auto Brightness
|
Excellent A+
Excellent A+
With Auto Brightness
|
Indicates how easy it is to read the
screen
under high ambient lighting. Depends on
both the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.
See High
Ambient Light Screen Shots
|
|
Colors and Intensities
The Color Gamut, Intensity Scale, and White Point
determine the quality and accuracy of all displayed images and all
the image colors. Bigger is definitely Not Better
because the display needs to match all the standards that were used
when the content was produced. For LCDs a wider
Color Gamut reduces the power efficiency and the Intensity Scale
affects both image brightness and color mixture
accuracy.
All of the iPads continue with Slightly
Bluish White Points. The White Point Accuracy is more critical because
it affects all of the low saturation
colors and also white is more noticeable because it often fills the screen.
A Bluish White Point results in somewhat
higher Absolute Color Errors.
Since the iPad Pro 9.7 has Excellent
Overall Color Accuracy, the small White Point Error is a major contributing
factor.
|
Categories
|
iPad
Air 2
|
iPad Pro
9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Color of White
Color Temperature in degrees
See Figure 2 for JNCD
Measured in the dark at 0 lux
For the Plotted White Points
See Figure 1
|
7,355 K
2.4 JNCD
from D65 White
White is
Somewhat Bluish
See Figure 1
See Figure 2 for JNCD
|
6,945 K
1.2 JNCD
from D65 White
White is
Slightly Too Bluish
See Figure 1
See Figure 2 for JNCD
|
D65 with 6,500 K is the standard color
of White
for most Consumer Content and needed for
accurate color reproduction of all
images.
White Point Accuracy is more critical
because
it affects the Accuracy of all Low
Saturation Colors.
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Color Gamut
Measured in the dark at 0 lux
See Figure 1
|
107
percent
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
Fairly
Close to Standard
See Figure 1
|
103 percent
sRGB /
Rec.709 Color Gamut
Very Close
to Standard
See Figure 1
|
sRGB / Rec.709 is the color standard for
most
content and needed for accurate color
reproduction.
See Figure 1
|
|
102 percent
DCI-P3
Color Gamut
Very Close
to Standard
See Figure 1
|
DCI-P3 is a 26% larger Color Gamut that is
used in 4K UHD TVs and in Digital Cinema.
See Figure 1
|
|
Color Accuracy
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Average Color Error at 0 lux
For 41 Reference Colors
Just Noticeable Color Difference
See Figure 2
|
Average Color Error
From sRGB
/ Rec.709
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0155
3.9 JNCD
Good
Accuracy
See Figure 2
|
Average Color Error
From sRGB
/ Rec.709 Color Gamut
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0054
1.3 JNCD
Excellent
Accuracy
See Figure 2
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD and for
Accuracy Plots showing
the measured Color Errors.
Average Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very
Good.
Average Errors 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are
Good.
Average Errors above 7.0 JNCD are
Poor.
|
|
Average Color Error
From
DCI-P3 Color Gamut
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0057
1.4 JNCD
Excellent
Accuracy
See Figure 2
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Largest Color Error at 0 lux
For 41 Reference Colors
Just Noticeable Color Difference
See Figure 2
|
Largest Color Error
From sRGB
/ Rec.709 Color Gamut
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0350
8.8 JNCD
for Magenta
Good
Accuracy
See Figure 2
|
Largest Color Error
From sRGB
/ Rec.709 Color Gamut
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0110
2.8 JNCD
for Blue–Magenta
Excellent
Accuracy
See Figure 2
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD and for
Accuracy Plots showing
the measured Color Errors.
Largest Errors below 7.0 JNCD are
Very Good.
Largest Errors 7.0 to 14.0 JNCD are
Good.
Largest Errors above 14.0 JNCD are
Poor.
This is twice the limit for the Average
Error.
|
|
Largest Color Error
From
DCI-P3 Color Gamut
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.00131
3.3 JNCD for
Blue–Magenta
Excellent
Accuracy
See Figure 2
|
|
Intensity Scale
|
|
Dynamic Brightness
Luminance Decrease with
Average Picture Level APL
|
0 percent
Decrease
Excellent
|
0 percent
Decrease
Excellent
|
This is the percent Brightness decrease
with APL
Average Picture Level. Ideally should be
0 percent.
|
|
Logarithmic Intensity Scale
and Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
Very
Smooth and Straight
Excellent
Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
Very
Smooth and Straight
Excellent
Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
The Intensity Scale controls image
contrast needed
for accurate Image Contrast and Color
reproduction.
See Figure 3
|
|
Gamma for the Intensity Scale
Larger has more Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
Average
2.25
Excellent
Very Close
to Standard
|
Average
2.16
Excellent
Very Close
to Standard
|
Gamma is the log slope of the Intensity
Scale.
Gamma of 2.20 is the standard and needed
for
accurate Image Contrast and Color
reproduction.
See Figure 3
|
|
Image Contrast Accuracy
|
Excellent
|
Excellent
|
See Figure 3
|
|
Viewing Angles
The variation of
Brightness, Contrast, and Color with Viewing Angle is especially important
for Tablets because
of their larger screen
and multiple viewers. The typical manufacturer 176+ degree specification for
LCD Viewing Angle
is nonsense because that
is where the Contrast Ratio falls to a miniscule 10. For most LCDs there are
substantial
degradations at less
than ±30 degrees, which is not an atypical Viewing Angle for Tablets and
Smartphones.
Note that the Viewing
Angle performance is also very important for a single viewer because the
Viewing Angle can vary
significantly based on
how the Tablet is held. The Viewing Angle can be very large if resting on a
table or desk.
|
Categories
|
iPad
Air 2
|
iPad Pro
9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Brightness Decrease
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
–62
percent Portrait
–58
percent Landscape
Very Large
Decrease
Typical for
all LCDs
|
–47
percent Portrait
–55
percent Landscape
Very Large
Decrease
Typical for
all LCDs
|
Most screens become less bright when
tilted.
LCD decrease is generally greater than 50
percent.
|
|
Contrast Ratio at 0 lux
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
650
Portrait
500 Landscape
Very Good
for Mobile
|
696
Portrait
629
Landscape
Very Good
for Mobile
|
A measure of screen readability when the
screen
is tilted under low ambient lighting.
|
|
White Point Color Shift
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Small
Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0033
0.8 JNCD Excellent
|
Small
Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0028
0.7 JNCD Excellent
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color
Accuracy.
|
|
Primary Color Shifts
Largest Color Shift for R,G,B
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Small
Color Shift
Largest Δ(u’v’) = 0.0053
for Blue
1.3 JNCD Excellent
|
Small Color
Shift
Largest Δ(u’v’) = 0.0055
for Blue
1.4 JNCD Excellent
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color
Accuracy.
|
|
Color Shifts for Color Mixtures
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
Reference Brown (255, 128, 0)
|
Small
Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0097
2.4 JNCD Very Good
|
Small
Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0077
1.9 JNCD Excellent
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
Color Shifts for non-IPS LCDs are about 10
JNCD.
Reference Brown is a good indicator of
color shifts
with angle because of unequal drive
levels and
roughly equal luminance contributions
from Red
and Green. See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Display Power Consumption
The display power was measured using a Linear
Regression between Luminance and AC Power with a fully charged battery.
Below we compare the Relative Display
Power Efficiencies of the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7.
The Power Efficiency values are also scaled to the
same screen brightness (Luminance) to compare their Relative Power
Efficiencies.
The iPad Pro 9.7 has a wider native DCI-P3 Color Gamut,
which is less power efficient than the narrower sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut of
the Air 2. However, the iPad Pro 9.7 has a Metal Oxide Backplane, which
increases the light throughput and further improves its Power Efficiency.
The iPad Pro 9.7 display also uses a lower refresh rate
when the images remain static (like during our power measurements).
These effects all counter-balance one another, so the iPad
Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7 have the same overall Power Efficiency.
|
|
Categories
|
iPad
Air 2
|
iPad Pro
9.7
|
Comments
|
|
Maximum Display Power
Full White Screen
at Maximum Brightness
|
5.1 watts
415 cd/m2
45.1 inch2
Screen Area
|
6.3 watts
511 cd/m2
45.1 inch2
Screen Area
|
This measures the display power for a
screen that
is entirely at Peak White for Maximum
Brightness.
|
|
Relative Power Efficiency
Compared to the iPad Pro 9.7
Same Luminance 511 cd/m2
Same 45.1 inch screen area
|
Relative Power 100%
Relative Efficiency 100%
6.3 watts
|
Relative Power 100%
Relative Efficiency 100%
6.3 watts
|
This compares the Maximum Power
Efficiency
by scaling to the same screen brightness
and
same screen area.
|
About the Author
Dr. Raymond Soneira is
President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire,
which produces display calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for
consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research
scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television
system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from
Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal
Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell
Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television
broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development
Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in
physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any
comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.
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